International Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Worldwide Management Report - Essay Example er this methodology the primary focal point of market and item arranging is along these lines the purchasers who structure the objective market which might be across the board (universal) or brought together (limited to a particular geographic area. Thus for suitability, the advertising blend depends on the 4P segments: Product, Price, Promotion, and Place. (Kotler, 2003). Presently the Russian commercial center is unified with extraordinary potential for worldwide speculation given its common physical and HR, just as political advancement of the most recent couple of years. Accordingly this paper will concentrate on a market plan for entering this market with Australian gourmet wines, and the resulting areas will address the various parts of the blend as it applies to Russia. Russia is an enormous nation as far as topography and populace size with very nearly 66% of the populace living in large urban areas far away from one another and encompassed by huge and minimal populated territories, frequently with poor transportation associations between these urban communities. In the course of the most recent decade there has been some political steadiness and improved way of life with the death of another constitution and a determination of another legislature. In any case, there keeps on being across the board wrongdoing and defilement just as disintegrated urban framework. As far as organizations, in spite of the fact that there are retailers and providers, these are divided, and the couple of chain stores are not under any composed umbrella. On the financial front, though the best buying intensity of the general public is concentrated among the minority who are businessmen living in the enormous urban areas, valuing is a significant factor to all purchasers. Those with constrained buying power are fundamentally more seasoned residents who are keen on the unwavering quality and the nature of products, particularly in the social insurance division. In spite of this, the relaxation inclinations showed at present are sport exercises and eating out at cafés, and for shopping, they favor enormous

In 1930-1935, Max Dupain created a black and white photograph titled Eggs Essays

In 1930-1935, Max Dupain made a high contrast photo titled Eggs Essays In 1930-1935, Max Dupain made a high contrast photo titled Eggs Essay In 1930-1935, Max Dupain made a high contrast photo titled Eggs Essay Max Dupain centers strongly around the setting up the ideal lighting procedure to make the correct mind-set and surface that the eggs seem to have. Utilizing the bashful yet solid light source he features the eggs delicacy and delicacy. He has likewise utilized high differences of highly contrasting to all the more likely separate the assorted, contradicting hues and tones, for the most part, the blacks and the whites. Dupain positions the eggs in a manner to make a designed shadow to uncover a greater amount of the exact detail gone into the creation of the work of art. With the noteworthy situating of the eggs, Dupain has likewise positioned the eggs on brutal, grating wooden sheets, to additionally put accentuation on the meager surface of the eggs. As a last point, Dupain has utilized, specifically, the lighting, high differentiation and situating of the eggs as procedures to open the eggs to their most noteworthy point. With every one of these procedures and techniques, he has taken a lot of ordinary articles like the cup and egg to give assistance us structure a totally different point of view on it with the cautious control of the picture. In the frontal area of the work of art consistently lays five haphazardly situated pale white eggs. Their faultlessness and cleaned surface is accomplished by the all around arranged lighting and the difference of the two distinct surfaces. Their shadow makes an example like that of a cloud. This impact causes the eggs to show up considerably progressively little, fragile and light since they seem to floating on the cloud. To the upper left of the eggs is a little, round cup, without any handles. The opening of the cup is moderately a similar size of an egg. The fresh shadow of the cup is loosened up to arrive at one of the eggs, proposing a vibe of association between the egg and the cup. The eggs and cup are both put on a progression of wooden boards. The wooden sheets are unpleasant, coarse and callused, and the eggs are immaculate and weak. These two clashing surfaces show up so differentiated close to one another, their surface is more complemented in light of the fact that the two of them show up so fluctuated. The corner to corner boards of wood additionally show up as a type of driving lines, as their inclining situating prompts the eggs. The association between the eggs and the wood are underscored by the designed shadows. Around the best two corners, the tone is dull, and the vast majority of the region is secured by dark. The high perspective is very exceptional to what we regularly observe with most craftsmanships. This might be on the grounds that they need to get the shadows and their quality in well to connect with the remainder of different articles. This high perspective additionally encourages us to discuss more with the item, since he is uncovering the subject more as he uncovers the entire and bigger picture with the perspective. More ground is secured with that perspective instead of what we would find in a typical picture, with the lower, straight on perspective. The tones in the work of art are very differentiated, they are on the whole totally different from each other. In view of the lighting, the tones are more keen, more grounded however look air. There are a scope of tones, yet the principle two are self-evident, unmistakably expressed inside the eggs and cup and the shadows and the dimness of the table sheets. The tones additionally help to accomplish the impact of virtue of the eggs, in view of the differentiation between the lighter and the darker tones. There is a restricted measure of shading in this photo. They add to the differentiation of the blacks and whites and seem natural and regular. The eggs are of a warm, china-white shading, velvety shading. The grays and browns advanced by the table staggeringly affect the eggs. Each shading draws out the following since they are on the whole exceptionally unalike. They do, be that as it may, mix into each other, yet endeavor to recognize. The lines in the photograph are exceptionally fine and moment, especially covering the eggs, adding to the fine, delicacy of their appearance. The lines are not as overwhelming as the hues seem to be. Max Dupain has not concentrated as much on the precision and situating of the lines as he has with the lighting, and exceptionally differentiating hues and tones, and so forth. The shapes in Dupains photograph are bended, oval and hefty. Primarily because of the states of the eggs and cups and their shadows. Be that as it may, the rectangular state of the wooden boards additionally, again differentiation to the states of the eggs. There is a lot of standing out and separating from the two inverse surfaces, shapes, hues and tones of the eggs and the table. The shadows shaped by the eggs are designed. The consistent bended shape and knock of the egg causes the shadow to seem ceaseless and continuous, representing forever, maybe. The eggs are put in front, nearest to the watcher and the cup is legitimately above it, closer to the foundation. The light has been precisely and cunningly utilized and arranged so the finished result truly uncovers its expected impact. The light source is from behind the cup and eggs, used to make the sharp shadows. The eggs and cup are proportioned to be of comparative size. The point of view of the craftsmanship is higher, from ordinary fine arts to fit the picture planned inside. This photo has been uniformly adjusted. The substantial, solid dim shadows in the left hand side, especially in the top offset out with the numerous eggs and their shadows. The point of convergence of the craftsmanship would be the eggs. The slanting wood boards lead toward it thus does the shadow from the cup. I think the fine art represents a wide range of mind-sets and intense subject matters. It is all truly dependent on Max Dupains endeavor to change the perspective on an ordinary article into an increasingly advanced and engaging picture. The photo assists with developing its unique picture into a photograph of effortlessness and innovation to make a mind-set of quietness and peacefulness. This photo changes and bends regular articles to help structure our regard for them. Max Dupain likewise attempts to draw out the impact of how eggs can likewise be a type of life. Recommended by how the human life begins, Dupain attempts to collect a vibe for what eggs can likewise mean, other than breakfast. I think the manner in which he has actually drastically misshaped our picture of an egg is what is best about this photo. I think the work of art is shockingly, fruitless. Regardless of my high assessments of it, I think most of individuals think about this work of art as only a lot of eggs with a cup on a table. To me, it implies substantially more and significantly more exertion and work has been done to make what the final product is. Albeit some may concur with me, the greater part dont. No one would be as inspired by it for its unadulterated explanation being dull and futile; my progressively negative and shallow assessment. At the point when I initially observed the photo, I had a more insipid and shallow thought of it than my opinion of it now. I just idea of it as an all the more straightforward photo. In the wake of breaking down and contemplating it, it spoke to me more and I considered it to be a more important and unique photograph than I had previously. The fine art causes me to feel steady, quiet and charming. The image is engaging and makes an impact of smoothness so it is the general state of mind I experience. The items inside the image appear to speak with the watcher, all portrayed by all the procedures utilized by Dupain. The composition helps me to remember how looks can ordinary generalizations can be beguiling and how somethings entire picture can be changed, with only a little concentration and focus. The eggs represent, to me five sensitive, delicate, lives in scan for its importance.

Im Poor!!!

I’m Poor!!! As of right now you may or may not have a job. I got my first job the summer between junior and senior year of high school as a carousel operator. I worked through the summer, kept my job for weekends during the school year, and then worked the summer between high school and college. I also worked a full time internship during the summer, in addition to working at the carousel, meaning I was at work 6 of the 7 days of the week. This turned out to be a good thing because it made the summer pass by quite quickly. Unfortunately, when I got to MIT, the work continued but the money stopped. I was working on psets, studying, figuring out my way around MIT, and all sorts of other exciting things, but I wasnt actually making money. I had money saved up from over the summer but it quickly began disappearing. I needed a job. I needed something to do at MIT that would prevent me from going broke, but what? I was already so busy, how would I have time to go out, find jobs, apply, and work them? Well, the cool thing about MIT is that they understand this and that there are all sorts of neat money-making things you can do that dont necessarily take up a lot of your time. Here are my top ten ways to earn money at MIT! 1) UROP You all may be sick of hearing about UROPs (or maybe not) but the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program is an awesome way to earn money. They pay around $9.00 (thats minimum UROP pay) and let you earn money while researching something that interests you. By the end of the year youre smarter, have money, and have a new addition to your resume. 2) Brain and Cognitive Sciences Guinea Pig MIT has a ton of researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences department that are constantly in need of test subjects. No, they wont pick through your brain or lobotomize you. Most of the time theyll just have you interpret different things that they show you or ask you to listen to something and follow a set of instructions. Every once in a while youll get lucky and theyll give you an MRI! These experiments are open to almost anybody (some have restrictions but theyre usually pretty specific and specialized) and pay quite well. They can range from $10 or $13 for a half hour session to $100 for spending your Saturday there. Many people arent aware this opportunity is even available, but its a quick way to earn some extra cash without having to actually work. 3) Desk Worker Each dorm has a front desk. This is where mail comes, oftentimes you can get movies here, and they also serve as one of the dorms defense systems (they can open the door for people who dont have ID cards and then check them in). Students typically will operate the desk so if you want a job that lets you sit, sort mail, and chill behind a desk for a couple of hours, you could be a desk worker! 4) Admissions Blogger I think its pretty safe to say that we would blog just as much as we do now even if we werent paid. MIT was a bit concerned when they first thought about paying bloggers because it would seem like we work for admissions and are brainwashing you guys with pro-MIT propaganda. Fortunately, nobody seemed to mind a whole ton (and I think through various rants and raves weve proven that we dont just spew MIT propaganda), so blogging is a way to earn some extra money. 5) The MIT Museum The MIT Museum is located just down Mass Ave. in Cambridge and is an awesome place to explore some of MITs history. They hire students, so if you have an interest in MIT or like dealing with the public, consider working at the MIT Museum. 6) Tech Caller Tech Callers are students who call alumni and solicit donations to the institute. A third of the money earned from alumni is earned through calls from Tech Callers. There are fliers all over campus encouraging you to sign up to be a Tech Caller. They make $11/hour with a chance at a 50 cent raise at the end of each semester. 7) Library Helper MIT has a bunch of libraries and all are in need of help cataloging and checking out books, among other tasks. 8) Grader Starting sophomore year you are eligible to help grade papers for classes. You collect psets from the turn-in boxes, take them back to your dorm, grade them, and then give them to the TAs. Its another quick, relatively low time commitment (depending on the class) way to earn some cash. 9) MIT Blackjack Team Member Hey, if you can find them, Im sure with enough convincing and bribery theyd let you join. 10) Win Bets by Proving People Wrong Oftentimes people will underestimate you. Take their money by showing them how talented you really are! I currently have a UROP and am an admissions blogger, which lets me say that not only am I taking a full schedule but that I am also working two jobs (and doing a varsity sport). I maintain my sanity and so can you, its all about time management and getting your priorities in line. I hope this helped ease some financial worries you may have about life at MIT. Ill see you all at CPW!

Exploring Ethical Codes and Possible Ethical Issues in...

After reviewing the case of Dr. R. Ian Lyne, in which he has been communicating with his patients through email on a more frequent basis rather than in person, I came to the conclusion that there are many things that I would do differently. Because of Dr. Lyne’s decision to communicate by way of email there are many ethical issues that could arise. This case study will explore ethical codes, possible ethical issues, and possible solutions to any issue that Dr. Lyne could face. While Dr. Lyne may have found responding to clients via email as â€Å"high quality service†, I believe that responding via email could become controversial while discussing therapeutic issues. There are several ethical codes that address the use of†¦show more content†¦Counselors communicate the parameters of confidentiality in a culturally competent manner† (American Counseling Association , 2014). Once a client trust is gained, it is the therapist obligation to make sure that the client’s confidentiality is within the code of ethics. Because Dr. Lyne is discussing therapeutic issues via email he should take the proper steps to assure himself of all possible issues. While distant counseling is not prohibited, there are still many ethical issues that could transpire while communicating at a distance. Some of Dr. Lyne’s clients took the initiative to begin to email him about previous therapy sessions. There is a chance that his email could be hacked into and/or compromised. There is also a chance that he could respond back to his clients and reach someone else; due to him accidently inputting the email address incorrectly, the client s haring an email address with someone, someone else having access to the client’s email password, or even the client’s email being hacked into and/or compromised. In section H of the ACA Code of Ethics booklet, the client verification section (p.18) reads, â€Å"Counselors who engage in the use of distance counseling, technology, and/or social media to interact with clients take steps to verify the client’s identity at the beginning and throughout the therapeutic process. Verification can include, but is not limited to, using code words, numbers, graphics, or other nondescriptShow MoreRelatedMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pages3:16 PM Page 99 Data Collection Methods 99 categories or strict observational checklists. In this way, the researcher is able to discover the recurring patterns of behavior and relationships. After these patterns are identified and described through early analysis of field notes, checklists become more appropriate and context-sensitive. Focused observation then is used at later stages of the study, usually to see, for example, if analytic themes explain behavior and relationships over a longRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 Read MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesimportant for bigger organizations than smaller ones. E) It is seldom used by nonprofit organizations. Answer: B Page Ref: 4 Objective: 1 Difficulty: Easy 2) ________ is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value. A) Marketing management B) Knowledge management C) Operations management D) Strategic management E) Distribution management Answer: A Page Ref: 5 Objective:Read MoreChange Management49917 Words   |  200 PagesMBA –H4010 Organisational Development And Change ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE UNIT – I LEARNING OBJECTIVES The student is expected to learn the following concepts after going through this unit. 1. Change 3. Planned Change 5. Unplanned Change 2. 4. 6. Stimulating Forces Change Agents Lewin’s Three Step Model The change means the alteration of status quo or making things different. 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Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, U K McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect

High School Should Be Mandatory - 863 Words

All through high school one always wonders why certain courses have to be taken. Thinking certain courses are a waste of one’s time and how it takes 12 years just to receive a diploma. Sounds crazy to think half of one’s life is spent in school preparing to receive a better understanding of education. During graduation, walking through the stage makes one along other proud and accomplished of all the efforts that took place. This not only helps one become more educated and aware of the things going around them, but helps become financially stable with a job or other necessities in life. Therefore, high school should be mandatory for students at least till there are 18, and not to drop-out. As one can see in the past staying in school was mandatory and people were looked down if one did not finish school. Now in days’ students are quick to drop out and more parents are allowing it to happen. The rate of students who attend school and drop- out is tremendously high. As a student who thought about dropping out due to many encounters in life, but chose to stay in school and get an education changed who I am today. After all, each individual has a different perspective of whether high school should be mandatory both know it can only better one self. Attending high school will have challenges along with, but make it worth going for. For one thing, high school education should be mandatory due to furthering one’s education. Students who maintain to stay in high school receive theShow MoreRelatedHigh School Should Be Mandatory1162 Words   |  5 PagesOptional High School Although some people believe optional high school is good, because some students commit suicide by school’s pressures. However, high school becomes optional is bad, because a high school diploma is helpful for people’s career and life, and to avoid unemployment, prepared for their futures. 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Opposers say, mandatory community service can have several negative effects on students. â€Å"Community service hours are impressive additions to college applications and can provide a student with a great sense of accomplishment; however, the mandatory hours will have many negative consequences† (Cydney Hayes, 2012). Many students are barely even passing the regular school curriculum, and opposers believe that adding the additional load of mandatory service hours will discourage teens

The 3 Types of Economic Systems Free Essays

The 3 Types of Economic Systems – Centrally planned economy – Mixed economy – Market economy Centrally planned economy System in which a nation’s resources are owned by the government. Came from the ideology that the welfare of the group is more important than individual well being, the idea came from Karl Marx. The decline of Centrally planned economies was in the 1980’s nations began to dismantle communist central planning in favor of market based economy. We will write a custom essay sample on The 3 Types of Economic Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mixed economy Economic system in which resources are more equally divide between private and government ownership. It came from the idea that a successful system must be not only efficient and innovative but should also protect society. Most economies around the world are mixed economies but most mixed economies are trying to convert more of a market economy. This is called â€Å"Privatization† or â€Å"Privatizing†. Market Economy The majority of nations resources are privately owned. Economic decisions are determined by supply and demand. Based on the belief that individual concerns should be placed above group concerns. The best features are free choice, free enterprise and price flexibility. The governments role is enforcing antitrust laws, preserving property rights, providing a stable fiscal and monetary environment and preserving political stability. Personally I would prefer to live in a mixed economy. I say this because it is the best kind of economic system in my eyes. A mixed economy lies between a free market economy and a centrally planned economy. A mixed economy combines elements from free market and centrally planned to create a more favorable economy. Most nations operate mixed economies with varying combinations of capitalist and socialist features. Some benefits of a mixed economy are free enterprise, private ownership, a â€Å"safety net† and the ability for the government to step in if needed. This is very appealing because the benefits are unmatched from the other two main economic systems.  I like the idea of private ownership and the government being able to step in during times of need, these two examples are the main reasons I prefer to live in a mixed economy. How to cite The 3 Types of Economic Systems, Papers

William Penn Essay free essay sample

On October 14, 1644 William Penn was born in London, England. His parents were Sir William Penn, an Admiral, and Margaret Penn, the daughter of Anglo- Irish parents. Sir William Penn was an esteemed member Of the Royal Navy and just as his career kicked off, his son was born. Sir William Penn found himself having to decide between his family and England. As most Englishmen did, Sir William Penn chose England. His father believed that his main priority was to provide for the whole family, not help raise his son. This resulted in him not being present for the first two years of Williams life, a mime in which he developed smallpox, permanently losing most of his hair which led him to wearing a wig for the rest of his life. The absence of Sir William in William Peens life would prove to be a common trait in both of them where in the future, Penn does the same with his own family. We will write a custom essay sample on William Penn Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Cromwell came into power Sir William Peens rank continued to rise and rise and he was recognized as a national hero with is success at sea. At one time Cromwell imprisoned Sir William Penn because he believed that he had disobeyed orders.Sir William Penn was embarrassed at his questioning of judgment and decided to move the family to Ireland. While his father was off at sea, William Penn attended Chilled School. William was brought up with a fine education, learning Latin and Greek and receiving both a classical as well as a practical education (Peg. 7). Since Penn never bonded with his father he never gained his fathers characteristics of lust, manliness, and power for success. Instead, he was more reserved and quiet. It is believed that since William Penn was rejected from his father, Quakerism seemed so appealing to him.Penn, even at an early age, had an interest in religion. By the time he was 13 he was convinced that he was destined to lead a holy life (Peg. 14). He was introduced to Quakerism when Thomas Leo, a Quaker preacher, came to Ireland to spread the Quaker message. William became very interested in the religion, and when he grew up he left the Anglican Church to become a Quaker, and became the most influential person for that religion in history. Thomas Leo had impacted William Peens in a way that would change his life The Quaker religion differed from other religions.The religion rejected external forms of worship and believed that the way to create a relationship tit God was created within you. They believed that getting close to God involved personal and emotional experiences that produced the ultimate bond between God and the Quaker. Quakerism rejected sacraments, liturgies, ministers, and prayers because they thought it interfered with their communication with God. They held silent services, until someone was spoken to by a divine spirit. One of the main characteristics of the Quaker religion was equality. No one person was more important than the other.Even in church they did not have ministers because they did not believe in church hierarchy. They all talked to each other and others in the same tone, regardless of their social status, and both men and women were thought of as equals. To the Quakers, man was perceived as good and were born to do good rather than evil, and therefore the Quakers were very forgiving people. Their main intent was to spread the Quaker faith. The only problem was that practicing their faith was something they did not want to hide. True evangelists, believed God called upon them to spread His word (Peg. 17).Englishmen were dismayed that the Quakers would not follow the rules, and thus saw them as threats. Many Englishmen were hostile to the Quakers and treated them cruelly, from their bodies being whipped to tongues bored to being put in jail, and in most cases result was death. Although Cromwell had granted religious toleration for the Protestant sects, Quakerism was the most pestered religion out of them all. Cromwell died, and so the Penn family returned to England. William Penn missed his life back in Ireland, but his father saw the move back as an opportunity for William Penn to become a man. Charles II became king and Sir William Penn was determined to make sure his sons became an interest in the king. Penn later attended Oxford, as most English gentleman did. Sir William Penn believed that Penn attending this college would complete the phase of him becoming a man. Penn, although, did not enjoy it as much as his father did. He referred to his college life as hellish darkness and debauchery (Peg. 22). He refused to associate with what he thought were troublemakers. His father on the other hand believed hanging around those people would make his son more of the kind of person he wanted him to be.His father wanted him to be involved in politics and business and have the lifestyle that he is has now. Sir William Penn discovered early on that his son was not going to grow up to be like him or maintain the familys status. However, by Williams second year at Oxford, he became more comfortable with his surroundings and engaged in students called the dissenters. The dissenters were a small group who refused to wear the required dress and did not attend chapel service. They instead had their own meetings where they worshipped and attended lectures by a Puritan. Sir William Penn was not too pleased by his sons new friends. As he became more involved with the dissenters, Penn found himself getting into more and ore trouble and in the end was expelled from the school. Sir William Penn saw this as an embarrassment, and as a punishment to Penn, he sent his son oft France to learn how to become a true gentleman. During this trip Penn had an encounter with a Frenchman that demanded a sword duel. Penn revealed that he did not show force back because he believed that acting back was worth the life of a man (Peg. 25). He heard Thomas Cokes and other Quakers words being repeated in his head and how it was wrong to take the life of someone because of a custom.The duel confirmed his feelings on how he viewed the world. His trip to France appeared as a success to his father. He returned a lot like a Frenchmen and his father believed he was now ready to be the heir and carry on his work. The first step was to attend law school at Lincoln Inn. His time there was simply to polish the education Penn already had. Sir William Penn later removed his son from Lincoln Inn and took him aboard the Royal Charles to witness him as the Great Captain Commander of the ship. This opened William Peens eyes and made him begin to appreciate what his father had done for his family.After several weeks Sir William Penn sent Penn back to England as a messenger to the King a trip that served as Peens personal introduction to the King. As Penn started to settle in England, his eyes became exposed to the effects of Collarbone Code. Dissenters were being put in the stocks and being pelted with rocks. The group that was given the hardest time was the Quakers, especially because they refused to meet in secret. Quakers worship services were being raided and arrested all that were there. Even with these difficulties, the Quakers still met.Penn became more attracted to the religion because of bravery and the courage the Quakers showed. During he tragedy of the second plague, the Quakers helped people with anything they needed. They brought any relief they could and brought food for anyone in need, even though there was a risk of them getting sick or being attacked for the religion they chose to follow. The selflessness of the Quaker faith continued to inspire William Penn. In the year 1667, the Quaker religion inducted its newest member, William Penn. He turned his life around, and threw out his rich, extravagant lifestyle and traded it for a simple Quaker life.Penn knew no matter how much he wanted to be like his father, that that epistyle was not suited for him. He decided to walk on earth unarmed, and gave up his sword. Embracing this religion was like social suicide because Englishmen hated the Quakers. Peens father became very displeased with his belief in this religion. Penn strongly believed it was not only the Quakers, but his duty to defend their religion. This strong belief in his faith landed him in prison very frequently. While in prison he examined his own faith, and most of his time even under harsh conditions was spent writing the numerous books he published.When he was let out of prison, he left to Ireland. Penn and the Quakers refused to meet secretly, so as a result many Quakers were arrested and Englishmen used the Conventicler Act to harass the Quakers. Penn later Went to court, trying to prove that the actions towards Quakers were unconstitutional. Meanwhile, as Sir William Penn aged, he handed over the responsibility of managing his estates in Ireland to Penn. After traveling through Ireland resolving his fathers property disputes, Penn joined and became the leader of the Society of Friends and fought for their freedom, much to Sir William Peens dismay.Peens religious choice to join the Quakers heartened his fathers relationship with the King. The King saw Quakerism as a threat to the monarchy. Peens dying father learned to accept the differences of his sons life compared to his and before he died he forgave his son and made sure his son was still on the kings good side. Penn traveled throughout Europe preaching Quakerism illegally. On one of his many travels spreading Quakerism, he met Gullible Springiest in the county of Packinghouse on his way to Ireland. Springiest was the step daughter of Peens associate Isaac Pennington.After years of having feelings for each there they declared they wanted to get married, and in 1 672 finally married. They had eight children, and only three of their children lived to be adults. Penn stood by the Quakers and devoted himself to the religion. He dreamed of an England where there was no religious persecution. The Quakers actions in acts of civil disobedience had become a stratagem in a war to transform society, assert fundamental English rights to rid England of unjust laws. The Quakers organized meeting of sufferings; a committee for legal defense of indicted Quakers (Peg. 82).The meeting encouraged Friends to support election to parliament of pro toleration candidate. After dealing with years of harassment in England, the Quakers sought land where they could practice their religion freely. When a dispute over land holdings in West New Jersey between John Fenwick and Edward Billing arose, the Quakers had Penn settle the dispute in England. After Penn divided the land, they chose him as leader of the colony because of his background and experience managing his fathers estates in Ireland. The Concessions and Agreements written for New Jersey were a model for the laws of that region that foreshadowed theStructure Penn would later develop for Pennsylvania and, in many ways, the united States Constitution. The West New Jersey project turned out to be a success. The colony reported having fertile land and being stocked with goods. However, there wasnt enough room for everyone. Quakers were coming from all over England, Germany, Scotland and Holland, places where Penn and other Quakers had been spreading Quakerism. In need of more land, Penn used his relationship with the King to petition for the land west of Delaware. Fortunately for Penn, the King had owed his father a debt and in urn granted the land to them.Pennsylvania was created. The Quakers had finally found a safe haven, where they could live freely and practice their religion as they wished. Penn was now the proprietor and considered the colony a Holy Experiment. He wanted to show England that Quakers were Gods stewards, transforming the wilderness and its heathen into a land of milk and honey, populated with God-fearing Christians (Peg. 107). With this in mind, Penn created a colony not only for Quakers to flee to, but even non- Quakers fleeing religious prosecution.Although, Pennsylvania was not reared for economic reasons they still had the problem of all of their revenue going to England and they could only trade through England and all their most valuable products must be exported to England. Citizenship included that any Christian, women included, 21 years or older and possessing 1 00 acres of land could vote. Essentially, this was a big deal because women had few rights back then. This colony of Pennsylvania was so accepting all around and gave more privileges than most would give. Pennsylvania was averse to slavery and believed that one should treat his servants as family members.Penn insisted that every human being , regardless of skin color or social status, was a creature of God, equal in Gods sight and so entitled to equality among men (Peg. 128). The Quakers also accepted the Native Americans and often Indian refugees would migrate to Pennsylvania. On October 16, 1684, Penn returned home to his wife and children in England. He was exposed to the Reign of Terror set off by Charles, where he has persecuting all dissenters because his brother was being refused of the throne for being Catholic. However, Charles died shortly after Peens return and James became the King.Penn had a close relationship with James, and became his right hand man and with that power he was able to promote religious toleration. Although, the Glorious Revolution in 1 688 and the death of James, crushed the hopes of religious toleration and made Penn constantly worry about losing his charter and everything he had worked for. Back in the colony, Penn had more serious problems to worry about. Penn wasnt receiving any money from the citizens of Pennsylvania as he was facing mounting debt. The people of Pennsylvania were not paying rent, saying they would pay him back.Peens source of income was the money he got from the loony and without he had many money problems. He lived the rest of his life in debt. Another problem appeared when Penn was charged with treason and Jackboots. In his efforts to clear his name, he got his Pennsylvania Charter taken away from him in 1692. Penn had the option of fleeing to Pennsylvania but decided that would make him look guiltier in the eyes of his enemies and refused to be treated like an exile. He eventually got it back by providing William Ill with many services.Another example of conflict the Quakers and Penn faced was the rising of the Assembly led by David Lloyd who wished to main control of the colony and take what little power Penn had left. As soon as he returned to England he went to London to claim his rights to his colony. While there he encountered several charges against him. However, light shined through when Anne, James Siss last daughter became Queen. Her new monarchy was devoted to toleration and passed the 1689 Toleration Act as well as 1696 Affirmation Act. His close connections also allowed him to keep his colony. Trying to pay his debts off he offered Pennsylvania for 30,000 pounds.Although he did not want to give it up, he eventually gave it to a man named John Evans who turned out to be an arrogant man, wrong for the job. He soon dismissed Evans from the job and gave it to Ford, later renting it back from him. He had hoped his son would carry on his legacy but turned out to be a disappointment and not being strong willed and determined as his father had been. On July 30, 1718, a true hero had died. William Penn dedicated his life to defending not only the Quakers, but others who were oppressed by Englands laws. The Society of Friends had become his family and he took care of them as fully as possible.The colonization of Pennsylvania proved to one of his greatest accomplishments, but his will to get others to see the truth is religion was far greater than any colony. William Penn insisted on a degree of freedom of religion that had existed almost nowhere else in the world. Through countless years of fighting and being driven down, William Penn never gave up hope for the life he dreamed of. All of his actions have left marks on American History and the way we live now. The legacy of the diligent, promising man still lives on through his establishment of Pennsylvania and the religion of Quakerism he so fondly cherished.

There is No Typical American Slave Experience essays

There is No Typical American Slave Experience essays There is no typical American slave experience. Each and every occurrence that has be relayed to this day and age tells an entirely different story and provides a new prospective on the complete slave experience. Beloved produces an entirely new spin on the whole idea of the slave experience because it requires the reader to realize the human and emotional aspect of slaves. Toni Morrisons Beloved narrates the typical slave experience from one specific account, but allows the reader to see that the slave experience goes much deeper than the physical abuse and torment. In history today, there is one simple image that is spoon fed to pupils since the beginning of their academic career. It is not a glorified or skewed image, but nonetheless, it is not accurate either. The image that has been processed consists mainly on just the negative physical aspects of slavery. The whippings, the beatings, even the lynching; none has been censored. Beloved does include this in its text, however, the book focuses on the deeper pain. The emotional aspect of not receiving recognition as a human, the mental anguish of being owned, this is the pain Beloved feels should be recognized more so than the beatings. The reader is immediately introduced to Sethe and the scars on her back that form the tree. The next aspect of pain in Sethes life describes her mock wedding, which is described in much more detail than the tree on Sethes possibly because more pain was felt at her wedding than her infamous whipping. Sethe asks when she will get a wedding, Mrs. Garner put down her cooking spoon. Laughing a little, she touched Sethe on the head, saying You are one sweet child. And then no more. (28) It was painful enough for Sethe to not receive a wedding, but she is treated like it is a joke and entirely out of the question. It is abuse like this that was in fact typical in slave years, bu...

Archaeology of a German Hillfort Called Heuneburg

Archaeology of a German Hillfort Called Heuneburg Heuneburg refers to an Iron Age hillfort, an elite residence (called Fà ¼rstensitz or princely residence) located on a steep hill overlooking the Danube River in southern Germany. The site includes an area of 3.3 hectares (~8 acres) within its fortifications; and, according to the latest research, at least 100 ha (~247 ac) of additional and separately fortified settlement surrounds the hill. Based on this latest research, Heuneburg, and its surrounding community  was an important and early urban center, one of the first north of the Alps. Alternate Spellings: Heuneberg Common Misspellings: Heuenburg History of Heuneburg Stratigraphic excavation at Heuneburg hillfort identified eight main occupations and 23 construction phases, between the Middle Bronze Age and Medieval periods. The earliest settlement at the site occurred in the Middle Bronze Age, and Heuneburg was first fortified in the 16th century BC and again in the 13th century BC. It was abandoned during the Late Bronze Age. During the Hallstatt Early Iron Age period, ~600 BC, Heuneburg was reoccupied and extensively modified, with 14 identified structural phases and 10 phases of fortification. Iron Age construction at the hillfort includes a stone foundation about 3 meters (10 feet) wide and .5-1 m (1.5-3 ft) high. Atop the foundation was a wall of dried-mud (adobe) brick, reaching to about a total height of 4 m (~13 ft). The mud-brick wall suggested to scholars that at least some sort of interaction took place between the elites of Heueneburg and the Mediterranean, illustrated both by the adobe wallmud brick is strictly a Mediterranean invention and was not previously used in central Europeand the presence of approximately 40 Greek Attic sherds at the site, pottery produced some 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) away. About 500 BC, Heuneburg was rebuilt to match Celtic models of hillfort design, with a wooden wall protected by a stone wall. The site was burned and abandoned between 450 and 400 BC, and it remained unoccupied until ~AD 700. Reoccupation of the hilltop by a farmstead beginning AD 1323 caused extensive damage to the later Iron Age settlement. Structures in Heuneburg Houses within the fortification walls of Heuneburg were rectangular timber-framed structures built close together. During the Iron Age, the mudbrick fortification wall was white-washed, making this prominent structure stand out even more: the wall was for both protection and display. Crenelated watchtowers were built and a covered walkway protected the sentries from inclement weather. This construction was fairly evidently built in imitation of classical Greek polis architecture. Cemeteries at Heuneburg during the Iron Age included 11 monumental mounds containing a rich array of grave goods. Workshops in Heuneburg held craftspeople who produced iron, worked bronze, made pottery and carved bone and antler. Also in evidence are craftspeople who processed luxury goods including lignite, amber, coral, gold, and jet. Outside Heuneburgs Walls Recent excavations concentrated on regions outside Heuneburg hillfort have revealed that beginning in the Early Iron Age, the outskirts of Heuneburg became quite dense. This settlement area included Late Hallstatt ditch fortifications dated from the first quarter of the sixth century BC, with a monumental stone gate. Iron Age terracing of the surrounding slopes provided a place for expansion of the settlement area, and by the first half of the sixth century BC, an area of some 100 acres was occupied by closely spaced farmsteads, enclosed by a series of rectangular palisades, housing an estimated population of about 5,000 inhabitants. The suburbs of Heuneburg also included several additional Hallstatt period hillforts, as well as production centers for pottery and artisanal wares such as fibulae and textiles. All of this led scholars back to the Greek historian Herodotus: a polis mentioned by Herodotus and located in the Danube valley ca 600 BC is called Pyrene; scholars have long connected Pyrene with Heuneberg, and the identified remains of such an established settlement with important production and distribution centers and a connection to the Mediterranean is strong support for that. Archaeological Investigations Heuneberg was first excavated in the 1870s  and sustained 25 years of excavations beginning in 1921. Excavations at Hohmichele mound were conducted in 1937-1938. Systematic excavations of the surrounding hilltop plateau were conducted from the 1950s to 1979. Studies since 1990, including field walking, intensive excavations, geomagnetic prospection, and high-resolution airborne LIDAR scans have concentrated on the outlying communities below the hillfort. Artifacts from the excavations are stored at the Heuneburg Museum, who operates a living village where visitors can see the reconstructed buildings. That web page contains information in English (and German, Italian and French) on the latest research. Sources Arafat, K and C Morgan. 1995 Athens, Etruria and the Heuneburg: Mutual misconceptions in the study of Greek-barbarian relations. Chapter 7 in Classical Greece: Ancient histories and modern archaeologies. Edited by Ian Morris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 108-135 Arnold, B. 2010. Eventful archaeology, the mudbrick wall, and the early Iron Age of southwest Germany. Chapter 6 in Eventful Archaeologies: New approaches to social transformation in the archaeological record, edited by Douglas J. Bolender. Albany: SUNY Press, p 100-114. Arnold B. 2002. A landscape of ancestors: the space and place of death in Iron Age West-Central Europe. In: Silverman H, and Small D, editors. The Space and Place of Death. Arlington: Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association. p 129-144. Fernndez-Gà ¶tz M, and Krausse D. 2012. Heuneburg: First city north of the Alps. Current World Archaeology 55:28-34. Fernndez-Gà ¶tz M, and Krausse D. 2013. Rethinking Early Iron Age urbanisation  in Central Europe: the Heuneburg site and its archaeological environment. Antiquity 87:473-487. Gersbach, Egon. 1996. Heuneburg. P. 275 in Brian Fagan (ed), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Maggetti M, and Galetti G. 1980. Composition of iron age fine ceramics from Chà ¢tillon-s-Glà ¢ne (Kt. Fribourg, Switzerland) and the Heuneburg (Kr. Sigmaringen, West Germany). Journal of Archaeological Science 7(1):87-91. Schuppert C, and Dix A. 2009. Reconstructing Former Features of the Cultural Landscape Near Early Celtic Princely Seats in Southern Germany. Social Science Computer Review 27(3):420-436. Wells PS. 2008. Europe, Northern and Western: Iron Age. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1230-1240.

Alcoholism in Lebanon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alcoholism in Lebanon - Essay Example The genes that are responsible for alcohol addiction interact with one another as well as with the environment. Different variations of this interaction result either in temperance or in addiction. There is also one more variant possible when alcohol addiction is not predetermined by heredity. Alcoholism can be surely called the curse of the 20th and 21st centuries. With the increase of the life rate, with the emotional stress caused by surplus of information people are prone to seek ways of getting relaxed. The main deceiving point of alcohol is that it is delusive. Being in the state of intoxication all the difficulties and problems slacken and there is a temporal short-term state of carelessness and relative happiness. The state described above is connected with the discharge of endorphins in blood. Endorphin, also called the hormone of happiness, is produced by a special area of brains and leads to the feeling of relaxation. Not only alcohol or drugs can lead to the effect of the short-term happiness, though it is the fastest method to stimulate the production of endorphins. It is known that bananas and chocolate have the similar effect, though the number of endorphins is rather small. The investigation on alcohol addiction proves that daily and continuous consumption of alcohol even in small portions can lead to chemical addiction. Due to the exchange processes of the organism, the chemical addiction of the cells arises. This addiction is characterized by the need to increase the dose from time to time. The most striking fact is that according to the hereditary theory (that is proved by statistical data) if one of the parents is alcohol addicted then one of their children or grandchildren is sure to have the same problem (Plant 2006). The fact is that the gene responsible for alcoholism addiction can reveal itself even in several generations. There are two types of alcoholism that are distinguished by the scientists: male and female. Female alcoholism, tho ugh not so often met, is more dangerous and is hardly to be cured. Women get addicted to alcohol much quicker than men do and in this way they become drunkards very quickly. The reasons that force a woman to take alcohol can vary. The first place is occupied by hereditary addiction, but then come the reasons of the unhappy private life, problems with children, the absence of family etc. However, for a man the main reason after hereditary are problems at work. It has been established in such a way in the evolution of the mankind that a woman has always realized herself at home and in the family, while a man always strived to make a career and achieve something at work. Alcohol influences the organism in a negative way; though scientists still argue weather there is a minimal doze of alcohol that is useful for an organism. It has always been believed that a small doze of red wine a day will be very useful for health. Though, nowadays some scientists argue that even such doze can lead to the dying-off of brain cells. Alcohol influences the brains in such a way that the organism knowing that something harmful is happening to it starts to defend. As a result the cells of the brains die off in the process of battle. Soon the dead cells leave the body via uresis. A person who is alcohol addicted gradually losses his/her intelligence and degrade. The only thing that interests them is taking another doze of alcohol. All their actions through the day in

World History And Main Aspects Of Confucianism Essay

World History And Main Aspects Of Confucianism - Essay Example Confucianism developed as a state cult; its leaders became the most powerful in the empire. As a result of the Confucianism, the Han Dynasty developed with its basics reducing the Chinese populace embrace the basics of concepts of Confucianism. On another angle, world religion led to the rise and fall of states in the world. A notable empire that emanated from religion is the Mongolian empire. This empire was influenced by Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. This empire is dated back to the 13th century when the Genghis Khan ruled. The Mongolian empire is said to stretch as far as Central Europe. In this case, it is justified to argue that religion has the ability to expand states from the example of the Mongolian empire. Studies indicate that the Mongolian empire is one of the empires that expanded with great magnitude. However, religion has been credited with the ability to obliterate an empire. In as much as religion has been renowned for its ability to reunite states. Other studies depict the complete opposite of this fact. This can be proven from the Aztec state that received a lot of oppositions from other states that did not accept the fact that the state saw its way to the top through human sacrifice. A collaboration of the religious terms with the socio-economic and political aspects led to the failure of the Aztec empire. The contribution of Christianity has also created numerous responses in regard to rising and fall of empires. In the case of empires in Europe, Christianity contributed a great mile towards weakening existing dynasties in Europe. In the case of Spain, the country took part in wars that were instigated by varying religious beliefs. Most of the rivalries that came up as a result of conflicts resulting from Christianity included wealth disparities and territorial expansion.

Strike Management And Trade Unions Management Essay

Strike Management And Trade Unions Management Essay OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The main objective of the study by the research paper is to understand the importance of trade union to the organization and vise verses. What are the main functions of unions how they work during strikes? I predicted that throw trade union control would mediate the effects of job-related uncertainty, and that management communication and participation in decision-making would reduce uncertainty and increase feelings of control. The model was tested in a public sector organization as well as government sector organization the results supported it. Management communication is easy throw the trade What is a trade union? A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labor contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. The agreements negotiated by the union leaders are binding on the rank and file members and the employer and in some cases on other non-member workers. Originating in Europe, labor unions became popular in many countries during the Industrial Revolution, when the lack of skill necessary to perform most jobs shifted employment bargaining power almost completely to the employers side, causing many workers to be mistreated and underpaid. Trade union organizations may be composed of individual workers, professionals, past workers, or the unemployed. The most common, but by no means only, purpose of these organizations is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment Over the last three hundred years, many trade unions have developed into a number of forms, influenced by differing political objectives. Activities of trade unions vary, but may include: What are the functions of a trade union?] Function and benefit of trade unions Association of workers to promote and protect the welfare, interests, and rights of its members; also called labor union In the broadest sense, trade unions came about as a way to protect workers after the industrial revolution in England, where they were working 12 to 14 hour days 6 days a week for whatever the company owner decided he would pay them. Which of course was as little as possible. Not that the need for trade unions was restricted to workers in England. A good read if you want to know what working conditions were like in America in the late 1800s and early 1900s would be Upton Sinclairs The Jungle, BUT BE WARNED there are some truly harrowing scenes in this book, and its publication in the 1920s caused such an uproar that the government created the FDA in an attempt to stop the worst excesses. For a slightly gentler view of the life of the working classes around 1900 America, try Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrie. You should also research the Pullman Corporation, and the Carnegie Steel empire, both of which grabbed back a good part of what little they paid in wages by forcing employees to live in filthy, unmaintained hovels in company towns, and shop at the company store where, of course, they were charged super high prices for everything. If I recall, the first of the American trade unions, and one of the first to strike, were the Pullman car waiters, who were all poor blacks (and referred to, whatever his name might be, as George). For many Americans, all the name Henry Ford means is paying his employees enough to be able to buy one of his cars (of course, you didnt buy a Chevrolet if you worked for Ford.) The power of a union is that the union can collectively bargain for the best possible deal for all its members; not just wages, but the right to live anywhere you wanted and not just in company housing, the number of hours worked, medical benefits, and paid time off. The power of a union is also limited to the solidarity of the members, because the only thing a worker possessed was the ability to walk off the job, so its more effective if everyone walks out and stays out together. Of course, the loss of wages for a man who was earning maybe 6 dollars a week caused huge strain on poor families, and employers had no problem hiring non-union labor to come in and work for the strikers. Ford hated the unions and was the last of the car manufacturers to recognize the right of the workers to organize. The detective agency Pinkertons was originally created to break up strikes by Ford workers at the Dearborn plant in Michigan, and they cheerfully broke up picket lines with shotguns, Billy clubs, and anything else they saw fit, all the while protected or ignored by the police. Many Americans are still prevented from organizing themselves into a union, as is evidenced by the struggle for recognition by the employees at Wal-Mart. Other Americans do not see the need for trade unions; after all, this is America and not Russia. But when you realize that in 1920 there was no medical insurance, no paid maternity leave, no paid day off for Labor Day (ironically Labor Day is to celebrate the gains made for American workers, but of course the Wal-Mart employees and many many others are still required to work on labor day) no paid day off for Presidents day. The right to a 5-day 40 hour workweek was not won until the 1950s. Bear in mind that ANYTHING an employer gives an employee comes directly out of his pocket. DO you think you would have all the benefits you have today if people had not given their lives to the Pinkerton thugs in Dearborn? No. Youd still be working 11 hours a day 6 days a week, with one day off for Christmas. I strongly suggest you do a lot of reading and some internet research if you want to know why you have the benefits you do (and the European benefits, which are even better than yours, because unlike Americans, most European workers did not simply walk away from trade unions (largely, of course, because of the publicity generated by the connection between the Teamsters, Jimmy Hoffa, and the Mob). That should get you started anyway. Be grateful to the unions. OBJECTIVES OF TRADE UNION Industrial Relations :- Trade unions are formed to protect and promote the interests of their members. Their primary function is to protect the interests of workers against discrimination and unfair labor practices. Trade unions are form Representation Trade unions represent individual workers when they have a problem at work. If an employee feels he is being unfairly treated, he can ask the union representative to help sort out the difficulty with the manager or employer. Unions also offer their members legal representation. Normally this is to help people get financial compensation for work-related injuries or to assist people who have to take their employer to courted to achieve the following objectives: Negotiation Negotiation is where union representatives, discuss with management, the issues which affect people working in an organization. There may be a difference of opinion between management and union members. Trade unions negotiate with the employers to find out a solution to these differences. Pay, working hours, holidays and changes to working practices are the sorts of issues that are negotiated. In many workplaces there is a formal agreement between the union and the company which states that the union has the right to negotiate with the employer. In these organizations, unions are said to be recognized for collective bargaining purposes. Voice in decisions affecting workers The economic security of employees is determined not only by the level of wages and duration of their employment, but also by the managements personal policies which include selection of employees for layoffs, retrenchment, promotion and transfer. These policies directly affect workers. The evaluation criteria for such decisions may not be fair. So, the intervention of unions in such decision making is a way through which workers can have their say in the decision Member services during the last few years, trade unions have increased the range of services they offer their members. These include: Education and training Most unions run training courses for their members on employment rights, health and safety and other issues. Some unions also help members who have left school with little education by offering courses on basic skills and courses leading to professional qualifications. Legal assistance As well as offering legal advice on employment issues, some unions give help with personal matters, like housing, wills and debt. Financial discounts People can get discounts on mortgages, insurance and loans from unions. Welfare benefits One of the earliest functions of trade unions was to look after members who hit hard times. Some of the older unions offer financial help to their members when they are sick or unemployed. WHAT IS A ATRIKE? A strike is when a group of workers agree to stop working. They do this when they want to protest against something they think is unfair where they work. Strikes sometimes happen so that politicians have to listen more carefully to the workers. Why do workers go on strike? Workers go on strike for different reasons: to get improvements where they work for more money for shorter working days to stop their wages going down because they think their company has been unfair. TYPES OF STRIKES The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) provides legal protections for two kinds of strikes, economic strikes and unfair labor practices strikes. The former is a strike that is undertaken by workers in order to garner improvements in their wages, benefits, hours, or working conditions. An unfair labor practices strike is an action that has far more serious legal implications for small business owners. This kind of strike occurs in instances where the employer allegedly violates NLRA rules that protect workers during collective bargaining. Typical violations that prompt an unfair labor practices strike include refusing to pay benefits when theyre due, discharging an employee for engaging in union activities, and refusing to bargain in good faith, reported J.D. Thorne in Small Business Reports. An unfair labor practices strike not only threatens a loss of business, but also requires that you return picketing workers to their jobs when the strike ends. Therefore, you must fire loyal r eplacement workers who crossed the picket line to work-and helped keep your business afloat. Businesses that do not do so are liable for back pay starting on the date that striking workers made their unconditional offer to return to work. Given the added risks associated with an unfair labor practices strike, then, Thorne contended that the most important aspect of managing an economic strike-the most common type-is to prevent it from becoming an unfair labor practices strike. Thorne noted that employer actions that could trigger this transformation include blatant ones, such as discharging an employee for engaging in his or her right to strike or withholding benefits (earned vacation time, pension-plan eligibility, etc.) as well as more subtle ones that nonetheless violate the National Labor Relations Act. The issue of communications with union members, for instance, is rife with rules that can ensnare the unknowing small business owner. These communication rules apply both to the pre-strike and strike periods. Following are specific guidelines that small businesses should adhere to in negotiations: Continue to bargain in good faith throughout the process. Both sides have a continuing responsibility to engage in good faith collective bargaining, wrote Thorne, which means that you must meet with the union with the intent of reaching an agreement about the workers demands. Failure to do so also could convert the nature of a strike. Provide unions with all information to which they are legally entitled. Under U.S. labor law, unions can request information about managements plans regarding various operational aspects of the business during the strike. For example, the union can ask for information about where the business plans to get replacement workers and the wages that they will be paid. Know management rights. Many legal protections are in place to protect workers from unfair management practices, but business owners have rights, too. Thorne noted, for instance, that businesses can discuss and clarify with striking employees how their proposal differs from that of the union leadership, and they can ask employees to vote to accept your final offer when its presented for ratification. Many strike situations also give them the option of utilizing replacement workers without penalty. Nonetheless, businesses should be aware that there are many legal dos and donts associated with management-union interactions during collective bargaining and strike periods, and they should make sure that they have adequate legal representation to assist them in this area. HOW TO MANAGING A STRIKE The beginning of an employee strike is almost always a difficult period for small business owners. The adversarial nature of such actions can be jarring for company leaders who are unfamiliar with strikes, and the walk-out itself can threaten small-and midsized business owners with devastating economic consequences (large companies can be hurt by strikes, too, of course, but their very existence is not usually jeopardized). Given this reality, small business owners and their management teams must take steps to ensure that their companies will be able to continue their operations during the strike. As Brenda Paik Sunoo wrote in Personnel Journal, a strike will inevitably pose challenges in many areas: managing contingent workers; setting up communication between management and all employees; maintaining customer service; establishing interim policies regarding benefits, overtime, vacations, and sick leave; and bolstering non-striking employees morale. Clearly, those that prepare well in advance will suffer the least trauma during and after a labor dispute. Indeed, business experts universally agree that advance planning is key to managing a strike. They note that few companies can claim that they were caught flat-footed by a work stoppage. Most strikes occur when labor contracts expire, and even those that do not take place on such a specific date typically provide management with plenty of warning signs. Businesses that prepare for contract expirations and other potential strike periods by drawing up detailed contingency plans in advance will be much better equipped to weather a strike than will those firms that wait until the last minute. In recognition of this reality, Risk Management noted in 1998 that increasing numbers of companies have created management teams-sometimes called strike contingency planning teams (SCPTs)-to address potential strike issues. Advance preparation efforts should cover a broad spectrum of operational areas. For example, businesses should have a plan in place to put together a contingent work force, whether comprised of replacements, non-striking employees (often supervisory personnel), or a combination of the two. A company that maintains information on recent job applicants, for example, may find itself better positioned to form a contingent work force than a firm that neglects to do so. Contingent work forces will also need training on a variety of issues, from duties to customer relations to legal matters (non-striking personnel already employed by the company may well need this training as well, since they will in many cases be undertaking unfamiliar tasks and interacting with customers and suppliers with whom they may not be familiar. Appropriate training programs should be in place well before a strike, not cobbled together after a strike actually occurs. Employers will also have to prepare interim pol icies governing various human resource issues for both striking and non-striking workers. Companies facing strike actions should also make sure that their customers and suppliers are notified at appropriate times of that possibility. If your company suddenly announces to a major customer that your facility has been hit with a strike without providing that customer without any prior warning, you are likely to lose that customer for good, even after the labor dispute has been resolved. Businesses facing strikes should also make preparations for alternative service to valued clients and customers. Another key to successful strike management, say labor experts, is for management to maintain a professional stance throughout. Many labor disputes disintegrate into intensely negative clashes, with repercussions that are felt long after the strike itself has been settled. Small business owners should do their best to prevent negotiations from becoming acrimonious. Owners who are capable of empathy with their striking employees concerns about job security and economic wellbeing will be better able to manage this than will those who automatically dismiss all work stoppages as solely an outgrowth of union greed. Finally, business owners should plan ahead to make sure that they have adequate security if a strike takes place. Strikes, by their very nature, are adversarial, stated Sunoo. They often are accompanied by disruptions in service and product delivery, and sometimes even violence. Savvy businesses will contact local legal and governmental authorities in advance to discuss issues such as picket lines, responses to disturbances, etc. In addition, businesses at risk of being the target of a work stoppage will often need to hire security forces to monitor the premises and protect their contingent work force. The role of security is twofold, said one security expert in an interview with Personnel Journal: 1) providing managers and non-striking employees with assurances that they can go to work without being injured, and 2) gathering evidence of any strike-related misconduct on the part of strikers for later use in legal proceedings. Companies seeking security service have a number of options from which to choose, including their own personnel, local off-duty law enforcement personnel, and local security firms that provide security guards. Experts recommend that companies seeking security help look to firms with previous strike experience and avoid local security firms unless they can get assurances that none of their guards have any meaningful social or familial relationship to any of the strikers. SOME EXAMPLES OF ST RIKES:- Wildcat strikes These are sudden unofficial strikes. They are not organized by a trade union, but union members might be involved. Wildcat action can start because of what seems to be a small problem, like the length of a tea break or the treatment of one worker. They might start small but if workers are angry with their bosses the strikes can spread fast and cause a lot of problems. What are pickets? Pickets are workers who are on strike that stand at the entrance to their workplace. The purpose of picketing is: to stop or persuade workers not to go to work to tell the public about the strike to persuade workers to take their unions side . ARTICLES:- 1.Express staff threaten strike Stephen Brook, press correspondent guardian.co.uk, Thursday 2 November 2006 18.40 GMT Article history Union staff at Express newspapers will ballot for industrial action unless management withdraws its plans for 35 staff redundancies, a union meeting decided tonight. The National Union of Journalists chapel committee for the Daily and Sunday Express and Daily and Sunday Star were due to tell management tonight of its resolution, which was passed by about 200 chapel members with one abstention and one no vote. This chapel demands that management immediately calls a halt to its plan for wholesale redundancies among staff and casuals, the resolution stated. We instruct our officers to put in motion the necessary processes to ballot for industrial action should this not be immediately forthcoming. Late last Friday, the papers parent company, Northern Shell, told chapel committee members it would make 35 job cuts and close the business section of the Daily Express, outsourcing it to the Press Association. The union says this would result in up to 60 job losses, including casuals and other contributors. Other cuts will also see the news and features production departments merge, as will the Daily and Sunday Express travel sections. ABSTRACT FROM THE ABOVE:- 2. Government intervention to prevent airline mechanics strike On February 9, the governments National Mediation Board released the mechanics union at Northwest Airlines to prepare for a strike. This release came only after the Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association, the union for the 10,000 mechanics, carried out public picketing, saying the board was taking the companys side and holding the contract hostage. The mechanics have been working four and a half years without a new contract. The old one they were stuck with contained big wage concessions. Meanwhile the company has been reaping big profits. Nevertheless, even while releasing the union for a strike, the board declared a 30-day cooling off period. It also urged President Bush to prevent any strike, saying a strike threatens substantially to deprive a section of the country of essential transportation service, meaning the near monopoly of Northwest Airlines at the Minneapolis-St Paul, Detroit and Memphis airports. The Bush Administration issued a statement that it wasnt going to allow a strike to occur. All the members of the National Mediation Board were appointed by President Clinton. The three person board from the start had a majority of management members. Its chairman, Francis Duggan, was a vice president of the Association of American Railroads; member Magdalena Jacobsen was a labor relations manager for Continental Airlines. In 1997, Clinton broke the American Airlines pilots strike after 7 minutes by appointing an emergency board to oversee the situation. Now Bush is announcing he will do the same thing Clinton did. When in gets down to basics -like preventing strikes -the only difference between a Democrat and a Republican is whether they smile at you when plunging in the knife. 3. Air India pilots to go on strike from 24 Nov The Air India management came unprepared for the meeting, claimed Otaal Mumbai: The Indian Commercial Pilots Association, or ICPA, at state-owned airline Air India, on Monday, said it will strike work beginning 24 November. The decision comes after a Monday meeting with the Central Labour Commissioner and Air India management was inconclusive. The talks were inconclusive. The Central Labour Commissioner has called for another meeting on 20 November but we are going ahead with our strike decision and we will serve a strike notice tomorrow in two week advance, said ICPA general secretary R. S. Otaal told Mint on the telephone. ICPA currently has at least 800 members. A spokesperson for National Aviation Co of India Ltd or Nacil, that runs Air India, declined comment for this story. The Air India management came unprepared for the meeting, claimed Otaal. Our demand is the same about clearing salary dues. We are fed up with the dues from the productivity linked incentives (PLIs). The cash-strapped airline had suggested a 50% cut in the PLI to save save about Rs700 crore. PLIs currently account for 30% to 50% of Air India employees wages. PLIs have not been paid since August. The national carrier, which has cumulative losses of Rs7,226 crore for financial years 2008 and 2009, has asked the government for a loan and equity infusion of around Rs15,000 core. Air Indias borrowings increased to Rs15,241 crore at the end of June, up from Rs6,550 crore in November 2007. 4. India airport strike threatens to paralyze travel Airport workers across India threatened to strike at midnight on Tuesday, a move that could ground hundreds of commercial flights and leave NEW DELHI Airport workers across India threatened to strike at midnight on Tuesday, a move that could ground hundreds of commercial flights and leave tens of thousands of passengers stranded. The threatened strike is over plans to privatize two major airports, but workers are expected to join in at 127 other state-run airports nearly every airport in India except New Delhi and Mumbai, the two busiest airports, which are already privately run. S. R. Santhanam, a leader of the airport workers union, said the decision to launch an open-ended strike starting at midnight Tuesday was made after talks with the government broke down Monday. No talks are scheduled unless the government sends a message, he said, adding that some 15,000 airport workers, including baggage handlers, cleaners and ground staff would go on strike. The dispute between stems from a government plan to privatize new airports in the southern cities of Hyderabad and Bangalore, a move that union says will endanger the jobs of hundreds of employees. Airport authorities plan to shift all commercial activity from the cities old airports to the new ones when they open in coming weeks. Hyderabad and Bangalore are both large cities that are home to several major multinational corporations as well as scores of thriving information technology companies. The government plans to use the old airports for disaster management and flights carrying government leaders, aviation ministry spokeswoman Moushmi Chakravarty said. Chakravarty said the private operators would retain the employees. However, the unions worry that there could be future layoffs. Subhash Goyal, chairman of the Indian Association of Tour Operators, said any strike could cost the booming aviation sector millions of dollars. It will have a tremendous impact on travelers, he said. Indias airline industry has grown dramatically in recent years as rising incomes and loosened regulations put air travel within reach of millions of new customers. In the early 1990s, Indian Airlines was the countrys single carrier, but Indian authorities opened up the airways and since then about a dozen airlines have opened for business, leading to a heated competition and low prices. 5. Strike and police brutality at Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India, 2005 Submitted by Steven. on Jan 8 2010 01:00 Prol-Position on the violent, month-long strike/lockout of HMSI workers in India in 2005, which ended with the employers giving into many of the workers demands. The following summary relies entirely on media reports we couldnt get hold of any first hand reports from comrades. The month-long strike/lock-out at HMSI and the police attack on the workers caused a big stir in India. This is mainly due to the location of   the strike: a modern factory of a multinational company in a developing region which up to that point was not seen as prone to industrial disputes. The conflict at Honda threatened to become a spark in a generally tense atmosphere within Indias modern international industry. Therefore the police brutality against the workers cant be understood as a mere response to a single workers struggle, but must rather be explained by the general situation in the new investment zones (see also Newsletter 3 on call centers in India). In order to understand the political significance of the dispute for the Indian economy we recommend you read the detailed analysis of the Indian group Rupee. They describe the increased dependence of the Indian economy on foreign capital influx since the crash in 1991, the new privatization schemes and the other, dark side , of India Shining (the Indian boom). About the Region Gurgaon is situated in the state of Haryana, close to New Delhi, a town in a rural area without any tradition of workers struggles. The new town centre is characterized by modern office blocks and shopping malls. Companies such as Microsoft, IBM and Nokia have their headquarters here. The government of Haryana implemented strict anti-union labor laws in order to attract further foreign investment. The industrial zone mushroomed during the last five years and comprises 90 factories, with a large share of companies in the automobile sector. About 70 percent of all motor-scooters produced in India are said to be produced in this region. Japanese companies play an important role, given that Japan is Indias fourth biggest foreign investor and about three quarters of all Japanese companies in India are situated in Gurgaon. The AITUC is the most important union in Gurgaon, it is supported by the CPI(M). The Communist Parties of India have a difficult role to play. On the one hand, they have to make an effort to appear to support the workers, including by patriotic propaganda against foreign investors. On the other, they have the duties of governing parties. West Bengal is a CP-led state and attracts the second greatest amount of foreign investment of all Indian states. Shortly before the incidents in Gurgaon the government of West Bengal signed a 500 Million US-Dollar deal with Mitsubishi. The Situation in the Modern Industrial Sector The struggle in Gurgaon took place against the background of various conflicts within the modern industrial sector which often resulted in significant wage improvements for the workers. At HMSI the management claims that the workers already received a 100 percent wage raise in the previous year. In June 2005 the workers at Toyota in Bangalore demanded a 100 percent wage increase. The management promised 25 percent and was able to avoid industrial action. At the car part suppliers Speedo ax, Hitachi Electrics and Omax Auto, all situated in Gurgaon, industrial disputes were only settled a few days before the police attack on the HMSI workers. Apart from a booming, but still modest, automobile export industry more and more electronic device companies (mobile phones etc.) are opening their factories in India. Companies like Solectron and Flextronics have recently increased their investment in the sub-continent. The individual ownership of mobile phones has increased from 6 million in 200 0 to 50 million in 2005 and is supposed to grow by 20 million each year. The automobile export sector is still confined to a few companies and models (Toyota, Hyundai, Ford, Fiat, Skoda, Suzuki and Mahindra), exporting about 130,000 cars in 2004, but the sector, particularly the car component industry, is growing. About the factory The factory is modern, only four years old. The plant churns out 2,000 scooters per day and employs about 1,900 to 2,500 workers. In 2004 HMSI is said to have sold 550,000 scooters in India. Scooters and other two-wheelers are still the most important means of motorised transport in India. In 2003-04 about 5,625,000 motorcycles were sold, compared to 850,000 cars. Most of the workers are hired by subcontractors or only get daily contracts. The wages are poor, securing mere survival. A lot of workers come from the surrounding small villages or even from othe

Performance Dynamics of Bata Shoe Bangladesh

1. Historical Background The business that became the Bata Shoe Organization was established on August 24, 1894 in Zlin, Czechoslovakia by Tomas Bata, and included his brother Antonin and sister Anna. Although this business was new, the Bata name had been part of a tradition of shoemaking for eight generations, spanning three hundred years. It was one of the first modern-day shoe ‘manufacturers', a team of stitchers and shoemakers creating footwear not just for the local town, but also for distant retail merchants.This departure from the centuries-old tradition of the one-man cobbler's workshop was a brand new concept, creating an entirely new industry. Tomas consistently maintained a human focus, creating opportunities for development and advancement, and added compensation for employees based on achievement. As the enterprise prospered, so did the communities where it operated. Bata companies later provided rail services, construction, insurance, publishing and a tannery in Z lin. The Bata System† devised by the Zlin team, and later applied in other Bata Shoe Organization companies, organized operations into autonomous workshops and departments (â€Å"profit centre†), allowing employees to contribute ideas and stimulate production, and contributed significant breakthroughs in footwear technology. By 1938 Bata Shoe Organization had established a unique and widespread presence, designing, producing and marketing footwear in more than 30 countries.The Bata Shoe Organization regarded itself as a ‘Multi-Domestic' rather than multinational enterprise, making it a priority to contribute to the economy in any new markets it entered. During the 50s, 60s and 70s the Organization redoubled its focus on retailing excellence, international footwear branding, advanced manufacturing techniques and extensive employee training, another Bata tradition that dated back to the Organization's earliest years. At present, Bata is one of the world’s wid est reaching companies, with operations in 68 different countries.They strive to listen to the customers in their local markets and clearly identify their footwear needs, and then to provide products that exceed their customers’ expectations in terms of quality, style and value. Bata operating companies are grouped into four business units based on similarities in markets and business issues. Each group benefits from synergies specific to their requirements, such as product development, sourcing and marketing support. 1. 1 Bata Today Bata is one of the world’s widest reaching companies, with operations in 68 different countries.Bata companies strive to listen to the customers in their local markets and clearly identify their footwear needs, and then to provide products that exceed their customers’ expectations in terms of quality, style and value. Bata operating companies are grouped into four business units based on similarities in markets and business issues. Each group benefits from synergies specific to their requirements, such as product development, sourcing and marketing support. Each business unit is entrepreneurial in nature, and can quickly adapt to changes in the marketplace and seize potential growth opportunities. Bata International serves customers in much of Asia, the Pacific and Africa through its 3,000 stores and many dealers. It is supervised from Singapore. Bata International operates shoe innovation centers in several countries as well as 30 factories to serve individual markets. * Bata Europe is based in Paris and operates 500 stores offering fashionable footwear. The world-class shoe innovation center just outside of Venice supplies many of the exclusive lines found in Bata stores throughout Europe. * Bata Latin America is based in Mexico City.Bata is the leading retailer of shoes in Latin America and the leading marketer of children's branded footwear. * Bata Canada is based in Toronto from where 250 stores serve the Canadian market. Its chain of Athletes World’s and Nike Shops is the leading fashion source in Canada for young urban customers. Bata Shoe organization (B. S. O. ) is the largest manufacturer and marketer of footwear in the world. Its global business comprises of shoe factories, tanneries, engineering plants, quality control laboratories, product development and research centers.Bata distributes its products through approximately 6,300 retail outlets, 10,000 franchises and thousands of wholesale depots and dealers. More than 50,000 people are employed in producing and selling over 300 million pairs of shoes each year, primarily for the domestic markets in which B. S. O companies operate. Approximately 400,000 additional people and their families are engaged in the support services required by B. S. O. operations. Bata International Centre is located in Toronto, Canada. Mr.Tomas Bata, the founder of Bata Shoe Organization, initiated this worldwide operation in Zlin, Czechoslo vakia, now known as the Czech Republic. The year 1994 marked the 100th founding anniversary of BATA. Over the years B. S. O. ’s operation expanded across the entire globe and established itself as the world’s largest organization in footwear manufacturing and marketing Today Bata operates in 68 countries. 1. 2 Bata Bangladesh At the Pakistan period Bata was first came to this country. After independence Bata continue their commitment to provide good quality shoes at an affordable price.Many of the elderly people still remember the â€Å"Naughty Boy† shoe of Bata that was known for its durability among the kids of that time. But since then Bata Bangladesh has changed a lot. Now they are not only providing durable shoes but have brought new designs too according to the taste of the people. Bata expands its operation all through the country. It has now huge number of stores, agencies, dealers and wholesalers around the country. And undoubtedly it has the biggest sh oe manufacturing and marketing organization here in Bangladesh.There are hardly any places in the country where one will not found Bata store, which signals its expansion, success and popularity here. Bata Bangladesh is a public limited company, which has 51- 49% share with the government of Bangladesh. Though it has established in Czechoslovakia but at present Bata is a Canadian company because of the migration and mergers of the family and now J. Bata who happens to be the grandson of founder G. Bata has his operation and headquarter in Canada and operates as a Canadian company. In Bangladesh it is operating as a Canada-Bangladesh company. . 3 Mission Introduction of a strong shoe line targeted to various market segments to maintain leadership through increased market share. 1. 4 Vision To provide good quality shoes at an affordable price. By keeping in mind the comfort that needs to be there and providing new designs with it. 1. 5 Objectives * Achievement of 100% estimated busine ss in each category * Maintain a shoe line with 700 lines of which 200, 300, 150 & 50 lines for Men, Women Children & Plastic respectively * Introduction of a shoe ine as per life style as well as fashion trend * Achieve an average 55% margin in each category * Innovate ideas or system for better management of merchandise distribution by maintaining 4 times stock turn. 2. Product Profile Bata shoe Bangladesh Ltd. has more than 900 lines of shoes in different categories. They distribute all of these lines of shoes in different parts of Bangladesh through wholesalers, dealers and through their own stores. In the following chart some of the shoes, its average price, size and other dominating features are mentioned.Best Price Range (TK)| BATA| Dominating Color| Men's| 995-1695| Black| Women's| 250-550| Black, Chocolate| School| 200-330| Black, White| Children| 130-195| Multicolor| Sport| 695-995| White, Gray| Non Shoes| 50-100| Black, Chocolate| 3. Competitive Status * Be obsessed with customer satisfaction * Build reputation for providing quality product * Be dedicated to continuous growth in the market * Widespread availability of Bata shoes in the market The prices of Bata shoes are very competitive and in many cases lower than its competitors * Very good distribution channel with dedicated employees all through Bangladesh and established because of Bata’s experience in the Bangladesh for very long * Taking opportunity of the lower buying power of the people of the country by providing good quality shoe at a competitive price * To ensure that the end users receive medicines those are safe, effective and quality consistent with leadership position in the health care industry throughout the country * It has more than 900 lines of shoes in different categories * To apply the rinciples of customer-focused quality, service and excellence to all processes and system, from product design, development through production, distribution and marketing * To maintain the standard of quality in order to protect the patients, prevent errors and optimize value provided to the consumer and company. * To comply with group product standards and regulatory requirements * The company has more than 1000 shoe designs and caters to all the segments.Over 60% of sales come from the men's range, while children's and women’s range account for about 20% each * BB operates through a chain of exclusive own and franchise stores. BB's stores are located in prime locations countrywide. 70% of Bata's sales are from its own retail outlets. Besides there is a network of about 500 exclusive wholesalers who service about 300 retail stores all over the country. Bata has showrooms, wholesale depots and distribution centers across the country. 4. Trends of performance Products tend to go through different stages, each stage being affected by different competitive conditions.These stages require different marketing strategies at different times if sales and profits ar e to be efficiently realized. The length of a product life cycle is in no way a fixed period of time. It can last from weeks to years, depending on the type of product. In case of shoe industry in Bangladesh it is presently going through the growth stages which are characterized by many new consumers entry in the market, by fall in price as experience and economies of scale have been attained, by developed distribution channel and by increasing intensity of competition.Bata Bangladesh is the largest player in the footwear industry with around 9-10% volume share and a 60% market-share in the organized segment. BB (Bata Bangladesh) has a market share of 70% in canvas shoes segment while it has a share of 60% in leather shoes. BB manufactures about 10% of the total Hawaii’s sold in the country. BB competes in manufacturing low priced Hawaii’s with the unorganized sector with its price ranging from Taka35-Taka110 with unorganized sector's pricing in the range of Taka25-Tak a50. 4. 1 Production Bata Bangladesh operates 2 manufacturing plants in Tongi and Dhamrai.The company is producing around 110,000 pairs of shoes daily. It has a modern tannery with the latest technological facilities to process 5 million square feet of leather yearly. Bata Bangladesh concentrates mainly on the domestic market through a countywide distribution network comprising retail stores, Dealer Support Program (DSPs) and independent dealers. 4. 2 Sales Turnover 4. 3 Profit & Profitability The average gross profit margin for the last five years has been 37% while average operating margin has been 12%. Average net margin stands at 8%.In 2008, 2009 & 2010 Bata’s net Income was (MM BDT) 449, 459, 509; Gross Margin 34% 35% 35%; Operating Margin 14% ,12% ,12%; Net Margin 10%, 9%, 9% and Operating Cash (MM BDT) 428,873 472,320 511,799 587,130 643,166 713,937 781,319. Average return on equity for the last five years has been more than 40% while average return on assets has been around 14%. Bata is also among the largest dividend payers with an average dividend payout ratio of 80% for the last three years. Moreover, the company has large land holdings which have not been revalued in a long time.The company has zero leverage and huge stockpiles of cash which give them enough flexibility to expand and/or maintain a high payout ratio. 5. Growth Rate (Trend Analysis of Productivity) Consistent margin and growth Bata has been a consistent performer in recent years and this is reflected in their profit margins for the last five years. Bata also enjoyed consistent growth in sales and earnings. Sales growth has been averaging around 16% in the last four years while earnings growth has been averaging over 25% during that period. EBITDA growth has been around 20% on average.No credit sales policy helped accumulate large cash. Bata maintains a no credit sales policy. This has helped reduce cash cycle for the company. 6. SWOT Analysis * Strengths: * Image of the compan y * Quality Product * Differentiated line of products * Competitive Pricing * Strong distribution channel * Modern manufacturing facilities * Brand loyalty at mass level * Weaknesses * Insufficient promotional activities * Bata at present conducts all the store management activity manually. This results lots of lengthy paper works, errors & waste of time. Inability to catch the present trend in time * Less competitive price due to high cost structure. * VAT & tax barrier * Opportunities * Despite political turbulence a segment of our middle-class is coming up with reasonable buying power. Many of them are women who are decision maker so the city store concept of Bata can attract them as whole of the family footwear can be available there. * Consumer like differentiated products. They like to shop in a store where they serve the whole family. * More competition results in more campaign for products. * Business Expansion in Shoe care products Utilize outsourcing especially the synergy sources to achieve competitive pricing * Franchisee opportunity with global brands like Nike, Reebok, Hush Puppy * Market expansion opportunity in high fashion & value for money footwear market for all categories of shoes through Retail & WCSM channels * Threat * Political instability affects the supply of raw materials and distribution of finished products. * Uncontrolled counterfeit of Bata products * New companies like Apex, Homeland, Pagasus of Bangladesh and the foreign companies like Nike, Reebok, Addidas are already in the market with good quality product.Have to keep up with them respect of quality. * Smuggelling of shoes and many stores in the city like the one’s in elephant road are the major market leaders. As they don’t have to pay for large amount of money for establishment, production, quality and advertising so they can sell at a much lower price than established brands like Bata. * Rapid market expansion program by organized competitors like APEX. 7. P ossible Measure to Improve Performance To improve the sales and profits, BB is planning to increase penetration by setting up more retail outlets and taking space in shopping malls across the country.Existing retail stores would be upgraded even as wholesale depots would be set up in smaller towns and semi-urban areas. BB's main efforts will be to streamline the wholesale business. BB's thrust is on becoming marketing driven firm from a manufacturing oriented company. Steps are also being taken to reduce costs, improve distribution logistics and focus on launch of new products in order to improve the performance of the company. * Give sales discount and free samples to influence more sales in the growing shoe market. * Reduce the price level. More advertisements should be aired. * Should build awareness among the potential users of this type of footwear product. * Bring more design, color, and design combination to be competitive. * To merge with the local companies and to expand mo re segmentation. 8. Conclusion From the analysis of Bata Shoe Company Bangladesh Ltd and the shoe industry we have identified that the shoe industry is growing and identified their main weakness is insufficient lack of development with the rapid changing market needs, insufficient promotional activities, and downward trend of quality.On the other hand, distribution system and vertical integration are the strengths of Bata From strategic marketing viewpoint; we see that Bata is taking corrective steps in almost all the way. In very few sides Bata has lacking. Based upon these facts recommended strategies would assist in more growth of Bata shoe company Bangladesh Ltd. in among the upcoming fierce competition in the shoe industry.